
DIET AND NUTRITION
In-depth proximate analysis of prey items consumed and also the types of prey that are commonly eaten be each animal
DIET
Asian Leopard cat
Snow Leopard
Consists of [3,5,6,8,9]:
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Pika (resembles a rabbit)
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Birds (ex. Eurasian jay)
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Insects
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Reptiles
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Rodents (ex. Raja rat)
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Indochinese ground squirrel
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Mouse deer
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Fish (ex. catfish)
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frog (ex. Murree Hill frog)
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Plant matter
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Traminoid grass
Prey that are commonly eaten by the Asian leopard cat are whitehead rats and pika. These two prey animals are easily available throughout the year making it a good food source for them. They also consume plant matter to occasionally combat intestinal disorders, and eliminate parasites. Traminoid grass in particular is what is commonly eaten by the Asian leopard to help pass fur balls and resolve intestinal issues.
Seasonal Availability [7,9]
During dry periods (or dry forest environments), prey such as the Raja rat (main prey) are found in lower abundance. Due to inadequate resources or undesirable living conditions, this causes there to be a decline in rodent populations [9].
During the wet season, frogs are more abundant in the environment making it more accessible to the Asian Leopard cat and consequently, their consumption of frogs increases [7].
Specific nutrient requirements [10,11,12]
Taurine is an essential amino acid required in the diets of feline species, which can be obtained through eating animal meat [11]. A deficiency in this amino acid leads to retinal degeneration, poor reproductive performance & development, & dilated cardiomyopathy [10].
Anti-nutritional factors refers to certain aspect of a vegetable that are capable to interfere with the digestibility of certain nutrients [12]. Since the Asian leopards diet, mainly consists of animal material and low amount of plant material, it can be reasoned that they have few/none specific anti-nutrients in their diet.
Consists of [18,21]:
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Yak
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Blue sheep
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Himalayan Tahr
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Goat
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Weasels
Yak and goat are the main prey animals that are eaten by the Snow leopard year round. Yak and goat are readily all year round, which makes these prey animals are reliable source of food for the Snow leopard to ingest. They sparingly eat plant material [21].
Seasonal Availability [18]
During the winter months, Blue sheep and Himalayan Tahr are consumed because they are more available to the Snow leopard.If Blue sheep or Himalayan Tahr are not available or easily accesible, then the Snow leopard would rather hunt for small prey
During the summer months, Yak and Goat are generally consumed mor because there are more available to them. If Yak and Goat are not available or easily accesible, then they prefer to hunt larger prey
Specific nutrient requirements [21]
Just like the Asian leopard cat, taurine is an essential amino acid required in the diets of feline species, which can be obtained through eating animal meat [11]. A deficiency in this amino acid leads to retinal degeneration, poor reproductive performance & development, & dilated cardiomyopathy [10].
Just like the Asian leopard cat, their diet is mainly animal-based meaning that they have little/no anti-nutrients present in their diet.



PROXIMATE ANALYSIS OF FOOD EXAMPLES
Asian Leopard cat
Food examples
-
Arundinella hirta
2. Whitehead rat
Proximate Analysis
Arundinella hirta
Arundinella hirta is a type of gramanoid grass. Since there is limited information on Arundinella hirta, data for Wild rye a type of gramanoid grass will be used.
ME: 2.87 Mcal/kg [73]. To convert to kcal/kg simply multiply by 1000.
New ME= 2.87 Mcal/kg x 1000 kcal/Mcal
= 2870 kcal/kg
NDF: 52% [14]
ADF: 32% [14]
Ash: 8% [14]
Lipid: 37 g/kg [15]
as a %= (37 g/kg / 1000 g/kg )x 100%
= 3.7%
NFE = 100 - protein% - fat % -fiber% - ash% - moisture%
(all values are on a DM basis so we don't need to account for moisture)
= 100 - 19 - 3.7 - 52 - 8
= 17.3% NFE
Whitehead rat
Specific information on the whitehead rat is unavailable, however the values [17] from the common rat will be used they belong to the same family
(note: NFE is 0 becuase there is little to no NFE in animal tissue)
NFE: 0%
Fiber: 0%
Crude fat: 28%
Crude protein: 56%
Ash: 13%
Moisture: 72% (avg)
ME = [(4 x g protein) + (9 x g fat) + (4 x g carbohydrates)] x 10 [13]
=[( 4 x (56%/100%) x 100g) + (9 x (28%/100%) x100g) + 0] x 10
= [(4 x 56) +(9 x 28)] x 10
= (224 + 112) x 10
= 336 x 10
=3,360 kcal/kg
Snow Leopard
Food examples
-
Yak
2. Blue sheep
Proximate Analysis
Yak
The values obtained for the nutrient composition were obtained based on information on the 12th rib cut from a bull yak [23]
(note: NFE is 0 becuase there is little to no NFE in animal tissue)
NFE: 0%
Fiber: 0%
Crude fat: 2.97%
Crude protein: 22.58%
Ash: 1.00%
Moisture: 73.46%
DM: 26.54%
ME = [(4 x g protein) + (9 x g fat) + (4 x g carbohydrates)] x 10 [13]
=[( 4 x (22.58%/100%) x 100g) + (9 x (2.97%/100%) x 100g) + 0] x 10
= [(4 x 22.58) +(9 x 2.97)] x 10
= (90.32 + 26.73) x 10
= 117.05 x 10
=1,117.05 kcal/kg
Blue sheep
Values [22] used for nutrient composition were obtained from the nutrient composition of the indigenous sheep of Bangladesh. Since they belong to the same family, these values should be a good estimate of actual Blue sheep values.
(note: NFE is 0 becuase there is little to no NFE in animal tissue)
NFE: 0%
Fiber: 0%
Crude fat: 4.03%
Crude protein: 23.65%
Ash: 0.90%
Moisture: 72.01%
DM: 27.99%
ME = [(4 x g protein) + (9 x g fat) + (4 x g carbohydrates)] x 10 [13]
=[( 4 x (23.65%/100%) x 100g) + (9 x (4.03%/100%) x 100g) + 0] x 10
= [(4 x 23.65) +(9 x 4.03)] x 10
= (94.6 + 36.27) x 10
= 130.87 x 10
=1,308.7 kcal/kg